Chapter 10 Ap Bio Reading Guide Answers

Ch x: Photosynthesis

Yous are reading a preview.

Actuate your 30 mean solar day costless trial to continue reading.

• Email
•  

AP Biology Powerpoint Presentations: ninth Edition

AP Biology Powerpoint Presentations: ninth Edition

1. ane. LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL Biological science, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter 5. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick Photosynthesis Chapter 10
2. two. Overview: The Process That Feeds the Biosphere • Photosynthesis is the procedure that converts solar energy into chemical energy • Direct or indirectly, photosynthesis nourishes well-nigh the unabridged living world © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
3. 3. • Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms • Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules • Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
4. four. Figure 10.ane
5. v. • Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes • These organisms feed not only themselves merely also most of the living earth © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. BioFlix: Photosynthesis
6. 6. (a) Plants (b) Multicellular alga (c) Unicellular protists (d) Blue-green alga (e) Purple sulfur bacteria 10 µm i µm twoscore µm Figure 10.2
7. 7. Effigy x.2a (a) Plants
8. 8. Effigy 10.2b (b) Multicellular alga
9. 9. Figure 10.2c (c) Unicellular protists 10 µm
10. 10. Figure 10.2d (d) Cyanobacteria twoscore µm
11. 11. Effigy x.2e (e) Majestic sulfur bacteria 1 µm
12. 12. • Heterotrophs obtain their organic cloth from other organisms • Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere • Well-nigh all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
13. 13. • The World's supply of fossil fuels was formed from the remains of organisms that died hundreds of millions of years ago • In a sense, fossil fuels represent stores of solar energy from the distant by © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
14. xiv. Figure x.3
15. 15. Concept ten.1: Photosynthesis converts calorie-free energy to the chemical free energy of food • Chloroplasts are structurally like to and likely evolved from photosynthetic leaner • The structural organisation of these cells allows for the chemical reactions of photosynthesis © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
16. 16. Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants • Leaves are the major locations of photosynthesis • Their green color is from chlorophyll, the dark-green pigment within chloroplasts • Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the foliage • Each mesophyll prison cell contains xxx–40 chloroplasts © 2011 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
17. 17. • CO2 enters and O2 exits the foliage through microscopic pores called stomata • The chlorophyll is in the membranes of thylakoids (connected sacs in the chloroplast); thylakoids may be stacked in columns called grana • Chloroplasts also incorporate stroma, a dense interior fluid © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
18. eighteen. Figure x.iv Mesophyll Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Stomata Chloroplast Mesophyll cell CO2 O2 twenty µm Outer membrane Intermembrane infinite Inner membrane 1 µm Thylakoid space Thylakoid GranumStroma
19. 19. Mesophyll Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Stomata Chloroplast Mesophyll cell CO2 O2 xx µm Figure 10.4a
20. 20. Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane i µm Thylakoid space Thylakoid GranumStroma Chloroplast Effigy 10.4b
21. 21. Figure ten.4c Mesophyll cell twenty µm
22. 22. Figure x.4d 1 µm GranumStroma
23. 23. Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry • Photosynthesis is a complex series of reactions that can be summarized every bit the following equation: 6 CO2 + 12 H2o + Light free energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
24. 24. The Splitting of Water • Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by- product © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
25. 25. Figure ten.v Reactants: Products: 6 CO2 6 H2O half dozen O2 12 H2O C6H12O6
26. 26. Photosynthesis as a Redox Process • Photosynthesis reverses the direction of electron menses compared to respiration • Photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2o is oxidized and CO2 is reduced • Photosynthesis is an endergonic process; the free energy boost is provided past light © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
27. 27. Figure 10.UN01 Free energy + half dozen CO2 + 6 H2O C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 becomes reduced becomes oxidized
28. 28. The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview • Photosynthesis consists of the light reactions (the photograph function) and Calvin cycle (the synthesis part) • The calorie-free reactions (in the thylakoids) – Split up H2O – Release O2 – Reduce NADP+ to NADPH – Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
29. 29. • The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH • The Calvin wheel begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
30. 30. Light Light Reactions Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P i H2O Figure 10.half-dozen-i
31. 31. Light Light Reactions Chloroplast ATP NADPH NADP+ ADP + P i Water O2 Figure x.half-dozen-2
32. 32. Light Light Reactions Calvin Cycle Chloroplast ATP NADPH NADP+ ADP + P i Water CO2 O2 Figure 10.half-dozen-iii
33. 33. Light Lite Reactions Calvin Cycle Chloroplast [CH2O] (sugar) ATP NADPH NADP+ ADP + P i Water CO2 O2 Effigy 10.half dozen-4
34. 34. Concept 10.2: The calorie-free reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH • Chloroplasts are solar-powered chemical factories • Their thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical free energy of ATP and NADPH © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
35. 35. The Nature of Sunlight • Light is a grade of electromagnetic energy, also called electromagnetic radiation • Like other electromagnetic energy, calorie-free travels in rhythmic waves • Wavelength is the distance between crests of waves • Wavelength determines the blazon of electromagnetic energy © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
36. 36. • The electromagnetic spectrum is the unabridged range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation • Visible low-cal consists of wavelengths (including those that bulldoze photosynthesis) that produce colors we tin see • Light also behaves as though it consists of detached particles, chosen photons © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
37. 37. Effigy ten.seven Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Micro- waves Radio waves Visible light Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength Lower energyHigher free energy 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm 10−5 nm x−iii nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 103 thousand ane m
38. 38. Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors • Pigments are substances that absorb visible light • Different pigments absorb different wavelengths • Wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected or transmitted • Leaves appear light-green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits dark-green light © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Light and Pigments
39. 39. Chloroplast Light Reflected light Absorbed light Transmitted light Granum Figure x.8
40. 40. • A spectrophotometer measures a pigment'south ability to absorb various wavelengths • This automobile sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength © 2011 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
41. 41. Figure ten.ix White low-cal Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer Slit moves to pass calorie-free of selected wavelength. Green light High transmittance (depression absorption): Chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. Blue light Low transmittance (high absorption): Chlorophyll absorbs most bluish light. TECHNIQUE
42. 42. • An absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a pigment's light assimilation versus wavelength • The assimilation spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that violet-blue and blood-red light work best for photosynthesis • An activity spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
43. 43. (b) Action spectrum (a) Absorption spectra Engelmann's experiment (c) Chloro- phyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids Wavelength of light (nm) Absorptionoflightby chloroplastpigments Rateofphotosynthesis (measuredbyO2release) Aerobic bacteria Filament of alga 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 RESULTS Figure x.x
44. 44. • The action spectrum of photosynthesis was commencement demonstrated in 1883 by Theodor W. Engelmann • In his experiment, he exposed different segments of a filamentous alga to unlike wavelengths • Areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced excess O2 • He used the growth of aerobic leaner clustered along the alga every bit a measure of O2 production © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
45. 45. • Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment • Accessory pigments, such as chlorophyll b, augment the spectrum used for photosynthesis • Accessory pigments called carotenoids absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
46. 46. Effigy 10.11 Hydrocarbon tail (H atoms non shown) Porphyrin ring CH3 CH3 in chlorophyll a CHO in chlorophyll b
47. 47. Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light • When a paint absorbs light, information technology goes from a basis land to an excited state, which is unstable • When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow chosen fluorescence • If illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce, giving off lite and heat © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
48. 48. Effigy x.12 Excited country Rut due east− Photon (fluorescence) Ground state Photon Chlorophyll molecule Energyofelectron (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence
49. 49. Figure 10.12a (b) Fluorescence
50. 50. A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Circuitous Associated with Low-cal-Harvesting Complexes • A photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex (a blazon of protein complex) surrounded by light-harvesting complexes • The low-cal-harvesting complexes (pigment molecules jump to proteins) transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
51. 51. Effigy 10.13 (b) Structure of photosystem II(a) How a photosystem harvests lite Thylakoidmembrane Thylakoidmembrane Photon Photosystem STROMA Calorie-free- harvesting complexes Reaction- centre complex Primary electron acceptor Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Chlorophyll STROMA Poly peptide subunits THYLAKOID SPACE eastward−
52. 52. Figure x.13a (a) How a photosystem harvests light Thylakoidmembrane Photon Photosystem STROMA Lite- harvesting complexes Reaction- center circuitous Primary electron acceptor Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID Space (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) due east−
53. 53. Figure 10.13b (b) Structure of photosystem II Thylakoidmembrane Chlorophyll STROMA Protein subunits THYLAKOID Infinite
54. 54. • A primary electron acceptor in the reaction heart accepts excited electrons and is reduced equally a result • Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first pace of the calorie-free reactions © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
55. 55. • There are ii types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane • Photosystem Ii (PS Ii) functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at arresting a wavelength of 680 nm • The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is chosen P680 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
56. 56. • Photosystem I (PS I) is all-time at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm • The reaction-eye chlorophyll a of PS I is called P700 © 2011 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
57. 57. Linear Electron Flow • During the light reactions, there are 2 possible routes for electron flow: cyclic and linear • Linear electron flow, the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using low-cal free energy © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
58. 58. • A photon hits a pigment and its free energy is passed among pigment molecules until it excites P680 • An excited electron from P680 is transferred to the primary electron acceptor (nosotros now call it P680+ ) © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
59. 59. Figure 10.fourteen-i Primary acceptor P680 Lite Pigment molecules Photosystem Two (PS 2) ane two due east−
60. 60. • P680+ is a very stiff oxidizing amanuensis • H2O is separate by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+ , thus reducing it to P680 • O2 is released as a by-product of this reaction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
61. 61. Effigy 10.14-2 Master acceptor H2O O2 two H+ + ane /ii P680 Light Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS Two) 1 2 iii e− eastward− e−
62. 62. • Each electron "falls" down an electron send chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS Two to PS I • Energy released by the fall drives the creation of a proton slope across the thylakoid membrane • Diffusion of H+ (protons) beyond the membrane drives ATP synthesis © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
63. 63. Figure ten.14-3 Cytochrome circuitous Primary acceptor H2O O2 2 H+ + ane /ii P680 Light Paint molecules Photosystem 2 (PS Ii) Pq Pc ATP 1 2 3 five Electron transport chain due east− eastward− due east− 4
64. 64. • In PS I (similar PS II), transferred light energy excites P700, which loses an electron to an electron acceptor • P700+ (P700 that is missing an electron) accepts an electron passed down from PS II via the electron transport concatenation © 2011 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
65. 65. Figure ten.14-4 Cytochrome circuitous Primary acceptor Primary acceptor H2O O2 2 H+ + one /2 P680 Light Paint molecules Photosystem Ii (PS Ii) Photosystem I (PS I) Pq Pc ATP 1 2 iii 5 6 Electron transport chain P700 Light e− e− 4 e− e−
66. 66. • Each electron "falls" downward an electron transport concatenation from the primary electron acceptor of PS I to the protein ferredoxin (Fd) • The electrons are then transferred to NADP+ and reduce information technology to NADPH • The electrons of NADPH are available for the reactions of the Calvin wheel • This process besides removes an H+ from the stroma © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
67. 67. Figure x.14-5 Cytochrome circuitous Primary acceptor Primary acceptor Water O2 2 H+ + i /2 P680 Light Paint molecules Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem I (PS I) Pq Pc ATP 1 2 3 five six 7 eight Electron transport concatenation Electron ship chain P700 Light + H+ NADP+ NADPH NADP+ reductase Fd e− eastward− east− due east− iv e− e−
68. 68. Photosystem Two Photosystem I Manufactory makes ATP ATP NADPH east− e− e− due east− due east− east− e− Photon Photon Figure 10.fifteen
69. 69. Cyclic Electron Catamenia • Cyclic electron flow uses just photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH • No oxygen is released • Cyclic electron flow generates surplus ATP, satisfying the college need in the Calvin bicycle © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
70. 70. Effigy ten.16 Photosystem I Chief acceptor Cytochrome complex Fd Pc ATP Principal acceptor Pq Fd NADPH NADP+ reductase NADP+ + H+ Photosystem Two
71. 71. • Some organisms such as purple sulfur bacteria have PS I just not PS Ii • Cyclic electron menses is thought to accept evolved before linear electron menses • Cyclic electron catamenia may protect cells from light-induced damage © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
72. 72. A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by chemiosmosis, but use different sources of energy • Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts transform low-cal energy into the chemical free energy of ATP • Spatial organization of chemiosmosis differs between chloroplasts and mitochondria just likewise shows similarities © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
73. 73. • In mitochondria, protons are pumped to the intermembrane infinite and drive ATP synthesis as they lengthened back into the mitochondrial matrix • In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the thylakoid infinite and drive ATP synthesis equally they diffuse back into the stroma © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
74. 74. Mitochondrion Chloroplast MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE CHLOROPLAST Construction Intermembrane space Inner membrane Matrix Thylakoid space Thylakoid membrane Stroma Electron transport chain H+ Diffusion ATP synthase H+ ADP + P i Fundamental College [H+ ] Lower [H+ ] ATP Figure 10.17
75. 75. • ATP and NADPH are produced on the side facing the stroma, where the Calvin bicycle takes identify • In summary, light reactions generate ATP and increment the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2o to NADPH © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
76. 76. Figure ten.18 STROMA (low H+ concentration) STROMA (depression H+ concentration) THYLAKOID SPACE (loftier H+ concentration) Light Photosystem II Cytochrome complex Photosystem I Light NADP+ reductase NADP+ + H+ To Calvin Cycle ATP synthase Thylakoid membrane 2 1 3 NADPH Fd Pc Pq 4 H+ 4 H+ +2 H+ H+ ADP + P i ATP 1/two H2O O2
77. 77. Concept 10.three: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate • The Calvin cycle, like the citric acrid bicycle, regenerates its starting material afterward molecules enter and leave the cycle • The wheel builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
78. 78. • Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P) • For internet synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place three times, fixing iii molecules of CO2 • The Calvin cycle has three phases – Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco) – Reduction – Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
79. 79. Input three (Entering ane at a time)CO2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P P6 Brusque-lived intermediate 3-Phosphoglycerate 3 P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) Figure 10.nineteen-1
80. 80. Input 3 (Entering one at a fourth dimension)CO2 Stage 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P P6 Short-lived intermediate 3-Phosphoglycerate half-dozen 6 ADP ATP 6 P P 1,iii-Bisphosphoglycerate Calvin Cycle half dozen NADPH 6 NADP+ 6 P i six P Phase 2: Reduction Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) iii P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) ane P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds Figure 10.19-2
81. 81. Input 3 (Entering one at a time)CO2 Phase one: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P P6 Brusque-lived intermediate 3-Phosphoglycerate half dozen 6 ADP ATP 6 P P one,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Calvin Cycle vi NADPH six NADP+ 6 P i six P Stage 2: Reduction Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) P5 G3P ATP 3 ADP Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) iii P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 1 P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds 3 Figure ten.nineteen-three
82. 82. Concept x.iv: Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation take evolved in hot, arid climates • Dehydration is a problem for plants, sometimes requiring merchandise-offs with other metabolic processes, especially photosynthesis • On hot, dry out days, plants close stomata, which conserves H2O but also limits photosynthesis • The closing of stomata reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up • These weather condition favor an apparently wasteful process called photorespiration © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
83. 83. Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic? • In nigh plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a iii-carbon compound (3- phosphoglycerate) • In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound • Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or saccharide © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
84. 84. • Photorespiration may be an evolutionary relic because rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2 • Photorespiration limits damaging products of light reactions that build upward in the absenteeism of the Calvin cycle • In many plants, photorespiration is a problem because on a hot, dry 24-hour interval it can bleed as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin bike © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
85. 85. C4 Plants • C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration past incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells • This step requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase • PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does; it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low • These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is and so used in the Calvin wheel © 2011 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
86. 86. Figure 10.twenty C4 leafage beefcake The C4 pathway Photosynthetic cells of C4 plant leaf Mesophyll cell Bundle- sheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Stoma Mesophyll cell PEP carboxylase CO2 Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C) Malate (4C) Pyruvate (3C) CO2 Bundle- sheath cell Calvin Cycle Saccharide Vascular tissue ADP ATP
87. 87. Figure 10.20a C4 leaf anatomy Photosynthetic cells of C4 establish leaf Mesophyll cell Packet- sheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Stoma
88. 88. Effigy 10.20b The C4 pathway Mesophyll prison cell PEP carboxylase CO2 Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C) Malate (4C) Pyruvate (3C) CO2 Bundle- sheath cell Calvin Wheel Carbohydrate Vascular tissue ADP ATP
89. 89. • In the final 150 years since the Industrial Revolution, CO2 levels take risen greatly • Increasing levels of CO2 may affect C3 and C4 plants differently, perhaps changing the relative affluence of these species • The furnishings of such changes are unpredictable and a cause for business concern © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
90. ninety. CAM Plants • Some plants, including succulents, use crassulacean acrid metabolism (CAM) to set up carbon • CAM plants open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids • Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
91. 91. Sugarcane Mesophyll prison cell Package- sheath prison cell C4 CO2 Organic acrid CO2 Calvin Cycle Sugar (a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps CO2 Organic acrid CO2 Calvin Cycle Sugar Day Night CAM Pineapple CO2 incorporated (carbon fixation) CO2 released to the Calvin cycle 2 i Effigy ten.21
92. 92. Figure 10.21a Sugarcane
93. 93. Effigy 10.21b Pineapple
94. 94. The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review • The energy entering chloroplasts every bit sunlight gets stored as chemical energy in organic compounds • Saccharide made in the chloroplasts supplies chemical energy and carbon skeletons to synthesize the organic molecules of cells • Plants store excess sugar as starch in structures such as roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits • In addition to nutrient production, photosynthesis produces the O2 in our atmosphere © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
95. 95. Light Light Reactions: Photosystem II Electron send chain Photosystem I Electron send chain NADP+ ADP + P i RuBP ATP NADPH three-Phosphoglycerate Calvin Wheel G3P Starch (storage) Sucrose (consign) Chloroplast Water CO2 O2 Figure x.22
96. 96. Effigy x.UN02 Main acceptor Main acceptor Cytochrome complex NADP+ reductase Photosystem Two Photosystem I ATP Pq Pc Fd NADP+ + H+ NADPH H2O O2 Electron transport concatenation Electron transport concatenation
97. 97. Regeneration of CO2 acceptor Carbon fixation Reduction Calvin Cycle ane G3P (3C) v × 3C 3 × 5C six × 3C 3 CO2 Figure 10.UN03
98. 98. Effigy x.UN04 pH 7 pH iv pH 4 pH eight ATP
99. 99. Effigy ten.UN05
100. 100. Figure 10.UN06
101. 101. Effigy 10.UN07
102. 102. Figure 10.UN08

Figure 10.i How tin can sunlight, seen here equally a spectrum of colors in a rainbow, ability the synthesis of organic substances?

Effigy ten.2 Photoautotrophs.

Figure x.2 Photoautotrophs.

Figure ten.ii Photoautotrophs.

Effigy x.2 Photoautotrophs.

Figure 10.2 Photoautotrophs.

Figure 10.two Photoautotrophs.

Figure 10.three Touch on: Alternative Fuels from Plants and Algae

Figure ten.iv Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant.

Figure 10.four Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a constitute.

Effigy x.4 Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant.

Figure x.4 Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant.

Effigy 10.iv Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a found.

Figure 10.five Tracking atoms through photosynthesis.

Figure 10.UN01 In-text figure, p. 188

Figure 10.6 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin bike.

Figure ten.six An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the lite reactions and the Calvin cycle.

Effigy 10.6 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

Effigy 10.6 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the calorie-free reactions and the Calvin cycle.

Effigy 10.7 The electromagnetic spectrum.

Effigy 10.8 Why leaves are green: interaction of light with chloroplasts.

Effigy 10.9 Enquiry Method: Determining an Absorption Spectrum

For the Jail cell Biological science Video Space-Filling Model of Chlorophyll a, become to Blitheness and Video Files.

Figure 10.10 Enquiry: Which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis?

Figure 10.11 Construction of chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts of plants.

Figure ten.12 Excitation of isolated chlorophyll past light.

Figure ten.12 Excitation of isolated chlorophyll by light.

Effigy 10.13 The structure and function of a photosystem.

Effigy 10.13 The structure and part of a photosystem.

Figure x.13 The structure and function of a photosystem.

Figure 10.14 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH.

Figure ten.14 How linear electron menstruation during the calorie-free reactions generates ATP and NADPH.

Effigy 10.14 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH.

Effigy 10.14 How linear electron menstruum during the low-cal reactions generates ATP and NADPH.

Figure x.xiv How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH.

Figure 10.xv A mechanical analogy for linear electron menstruation during the light reactions.

Figure x.xvi Cyclic electron flow.

Figure 10.17 Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Effigy x.18 The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the system of the thylakoid membrane.

Figure 10.19 The Calvin wheel.

Figure x.19 The Calvin cycle.

Figure 10.19 The Calvin cycle.

Figure 10.twenty C4 leaf beefcake and the C4 pathway.

Figure 10.20 C4 leaf anatomy and the C4 pathway.

Figure 10.twenty C4 leaf anatomy and the C4 pathway.

Figure 10.21 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared.

Figure ten.21 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared.

Figure 10.21 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared.

Figure 10.22 A review of photosynthesis.

Figure 10.UN02 Summary figure, Concept 10.2

Effigy 10.UN03 Summary figure, Concept x.3

Figure 10.UN04 Test Your Understanding, question 9

Figure ten.UN05 Appendix A: answer to Figure ten.19 legend question

Figure 10.UN06 Appendix A: reply to Figure ten.22 legend question

Figure ten.UN07 Appendix A: answer to Summary of Concept 10.3 Describe Information technology question

Figure ten.UN08 Appendix A: answer to Exam Your Understanding, question 9

hotchkissyese1996.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/veneethmathew/10-lecture-photosynthesis

Share this post